13^th International Conference and Exhibition on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology July 24-25, 2017 Rome, Italy

Wojciech Jawień obtained his MS degree in physics from Jagiellonian University in Kraków and PhD in pharmaceutical sciences from Medical Academy (now Medical College JU). His area of interest ranges from application of AI in drug therapy through computational aspects of pharmacokinetic modelling to physical considerations in pharmacokinetics.

Statement of the Problem: A stochastic modelling in pharmacokinetics is an important method of tracking endo- as well as exogenous substances in the organism. These mechanistic models provide a statistical description of the behaviour of single molecules of the investigated compound. Nanocarriers, which can be viewed as nanocompartments, constitute a very attractive field of application of these models. However, to ensure true mechanistic character of the model, one should be very cautious not to come into conflict with fundamental laws of nature. For instance, Zhao et al. claim: … little research has been done to systematically determine the probability for a drug molecule to follow a specific traveling route . Their paper (and some others) is based on the concept of the probability for a drug molecule in compartment i at time 0 to end in compartment j after an elapsed time t. The purpose of the present study is: 1. to indicate that this concept becomes meaningless when many identical molecules are present. 2. To suggest a direction in which to search for a solution. Theoretical: As far as one considers a single molecule, it is possible, at least in principle, to watch its trace. However, the number of molecules is of order in range 1017-1020 and then their tracking is excluded by the principles of quantum mechanics, namely the indistinguishability of identical particles. Findings One therefore cannot say about the route of the molecules or count their visits in particular compartments. This is not necessary, though. An effectiveness of drug action or physiological process can be expressed in other manner, not violating laws of nature. Conclusion: Stochastic modelling can and should be done by means of correctly described quantum states. It is especially important in nanopharmaco¬kinetics which should also become a quantum pharmacokinetics.

Nadejda Davydova is Senior Research Scientist at A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS) in Moscow with the following research interests: organic chemistry; research in bioactive polymers; drug design and relationship of functional groups to pharmacologic activity; search for new drugs. Nadejda Davydova is a graduate of the Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology. She obtained her PhD in Organic Chemistry from the All-Union Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute in Moscow. Before joining INEOS RAS, Nadejda Davydova held position as a Senior Research Scientist at the Centre of Chemistry of Drugs - All Russian Chemical Pharmaceutical Research Institute. Dr. Nadejda Davydova is the author of many inventions, e.g., discovery of original chemical substances for Russian antiarrhythmic drugs: Nibentan and Niferidyl (Refralon).

Urolithiasis is one of the most common diseases in the world [1]. The leading cause of kidney stones formation is a lack of water in the body. Water therapy is the most useful and efficient method for complex treatment and prevention of kidney stones. rnHere, we report the medicinal effect of Fiuggi water in patients with urolithiasis and offer a probable model of interaction of fulvic acids in Fiuggi water with stone-forming metal ions (e.g., Ca2+) in urine (Figure1).rnFiuggi water is low-mineralized natural oligomineral water with a very strong diuretic effect. Its composition comes from the volcanic soil enriched of humic substances in Anticolana Valley. The presence of humic and fulvic acids in Fiuggi water has been established and confirmed by chromatography and other analytical methods, nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared spectroscopy [2-4]. Humic substances are natural polymers with complex and disordered molecular structures. One of the most important characteristics of humic substances is their ability to form water-soluble complexes with metal ions [5]. Fulvic acids in Fiuggi water demolish the crystal lattice of the calcium salts (oxalates, phosphates, etc) in kidney stones and form soluble calcium complexes. As a result, the stones are naturally dissolved and eliminated from the human body.rn

Nageswara Rao Reddy has a Ph.D in Pharmacy and had a working experience of more than 13 years in Pharmaceutical companies and CRO. He is currently working as a Sr.Project Manger at Sannova Analytical, Somerset, USA. He published nearly 14 research Article in National and International Peer review Journals.

Introduction: Periodontal disease is defined as bacterially induced a chronic infectious inflammatory disease that affects the tissues that support and anchor the teeth. Treating advanced periodontitis is still challenge to periodontics with very little change in treatment over last several decades. The introduction of nanoparticles in dentistry is giving new scope of application in diagnosis, treatment planning and tissue regenerative procedures. Current Treatment Options: Nonsurgical therapy which includes eliminating etiological agents, modifying risk factors, mechanical plaque controls, and chemical plaque control agents is the first line of antimicrobial therapy. Surgical therapy consists of open flap debridement either alone or as a combination with respective or regenerative procedures. Regenerative surgical therapy consists of bone replacement grafts, guided tissue regeneration (GTR),biologic modifiers like growth and differentiation factors (GDF) and extracellular matrix proteins like enamel matrix proteins(EMD). Nanodrug delivery is the recent advanced system which targets on improving controlled release, patient safety, efficient delivery agent and reducing side effects. Future Research Scope: Currently various approaches have followed in treating Periodontitis effectively. A nanocapsule loaded with antibiotics is also drawing attention. Multilayered composite nanoparticles with pH sensitive release and hydroxyapatite coating will bring tremendous scope to nonsurgical regenerative procedures. When a multilayered nanocapsule is placed by local delivery system it is then degraded layer by layer releasing drug in slow controlled manner. Due to low pH in inflamed tissue the outer coating will degrade and release antibiotic in treating localized inflammation. However, still the nanoparticle with remaining inner layer of polymer will remain intact at low pH. Once the infection subsides and pH returns to normal. Which now allows the inner polymer coat to degrades and release osteoclastic inhibition agents and osteoblastic stimulating agent to correct osseous defects. Conclusion: Further research and investigation must be done to understood the design, structure, criteria required to fabricate stimuli, responsive and biofunctional multilayered composite nanoparticles. As the Pharmaceutical drugs advanced and Drug delivery options has become more effective with these new Nanotechnology. And one such approach is layer by layer nanocapsules as a multi drug delivery option.

Jovana Trifunović has completed her Ph.D. in Pharmacy from University of Novi Sad and currently, she is Post-doctoral student at University of Vienna. She was visiting student at Department of Chemistry, University of Graz and at Department of Organic Chemistry at Graz University of Technology, Austria during 2012/2013 and 2014.

Bile acids and their oxo derivatives have pharmacological characteristic to act as drug carriers, absorption enhancers and as cholesterol lowering agents. Bile acids have also potential to regulate hepatic lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis and maintain metabolic process. Acting as signaling molecules these compounds have ability to interact with several receptors such as: farensoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein coupled receptor (GPCR). In our study 13 different bile acids and their derivatives (Figure 1.) were examined. Using their lipophilicity the parameters of bioactivity were investigated and validated. Multiple linear regression was performed considering lipophilicity of molecules with addition of two molecular descriptors: polar surface area (TPSA) and molecular weight (Mw).rnParameters of bioactivity are an essential part of modern QSAR studies because binding with different classes of proteins in human body is responsible for a specific desired or undesired effect. Bioactivity scores were calculated using Molinspiration software. These parameters are G Protein-coupled receptors ligand (GPCR), ion channel modulation (ICM), nuclear receptor ligand (NCR) and protease inhibition (PI) and they are shown in Table 1. Calculated values can indicate binding affinity of investigated bile acids to the mentioned receptors and enzymes. Negative values represent low affinity, while positive values indicate greater affinity. The compounds investigated were expected to bind for GPCR, ion channels and nuclear receptors, and they should not inhibit kinase.rn